In the air communication environment, especially in the air-to-air communication at the cruise phase of aircraft, serious multipath interference existed in channel may lead the received signals to become distortion or inter-symbol crosstalk, seriously affecting the communication quality. In consideration of that the residual inter-code of existing linear equalization algorithm seriously affects the equalization performance, resulting in error transmission errors, and the traditional MMSE-RISIC algorithm is limited by the accuracy of noise and decision to make the overall equalization performance limited, a decoding feedback equalization algorithm is proposed based on the residual estimation to reduce the impact of noise and inter-code interference on system performance. On the basis of MMSE equalization, first, the known sequence is utilized for estimating the noise, and then introducing a decoding interleaving module to improve the decision reliability. Finally, the verdict signal is used to estimate the residual inter-symbol interference. The simulation results show that under the 16QAM modulation, the decoding feedback equalization algorithm based on residual estimation has 0.5 dB error performance improvement compared with the traditional MMSE equalization algorithm in aviation communication channel environment.