Cement mortar mixed with rubber powder being used as repair material for damaged pavement, its performance of cold-resistance should be able to meet the requirements of airports in high cold area. The effects of mesh number and content of rubber powder in cement mortar on frost resistance and mechanical properties are studied through freeze-thaw cycle tests. The effects are determined by adopting two-factor analysis of variance and range analysis. The effects of rubber powder on the microstructure and products during hydration of cement mortar are revealed by SEM and XRD. The results show that the mesh number and content of rubber powder cement mortar have significant effects on the frost resistance and compressive strength, but the interaction between them is not significant. When the mesh number of rubber powder is 30 mesh and the dosage is 50%, the antifreeze performance is the best. SEM images show that the addition of rubber powder can block the development for micro-cracks, and the XRD results show that 30-mesh rubber powder can enable the hydration reaction between rubber powder and cement mortar to continue efficiently.