A damage law of composite material structure under the action of warhead fragment group is studied experimentally. Taking the actual aircraft composite components as a research object, the ground static explosion test of the warhead of laminate and laminate reinforced structure is carried out. The real damage of composite materials under high-speed impact is detected and analyzed by nondestructive testing method. The test results show that the main damage forms for laminate structure subjected to high-speed impact of a single fragment serve as a broken hole + peripheral delamination + surface fiber tearing, the size of broken hole is equivalent to the size of fragment’s shrapnel, and the expansion area of peripheral delamination is 1.13~5.00 times larger than that of the broken hole. Finally, the repair suggestions in combination with the repair demand and strength analysis results are put forward. Under the same impact conditions, the residual strength of the laminate structure decreases more obviously than that of the stiffened composite structure, but, form the point of service, the residual carrying capacity of the stiffened composite structure may be lower than the ultimate strength, and the laminate structure can be used without repair or simply repair after the structural integrity is restored.