Energy Selective Surface (ESS) is an effective technology in blocking high-power microwave to damage electronic equipment systems through front-door coupling. Such a technology can adaptively respond to incident high-power waves by loading nonlinear components such as diodes in a “low-pass high-resistance” way through periodic structures. In this study, the impact of diode selection on the performance of ESS radome is investigated. Firstly, the damage threshold of the diodes is evaluated through injection experiments under high-power signal input and conducted corresponding damage testing and analysis. The experimental results show that the current being overloaded, BAP65 diode is out of use when the input power reaches 47 dBm. And then, four kinds of diodes are selected to assess their effects on the insertion loss and shielding effectiveness of the ESS radome. The experimental results show that the energy selective surface loaded with MMP4401 diodes exhibits a shielding effectiveness with insertion loss being below 0.5 dB and shielding effectiveness exceeding 15 dB within the frequency range of 0.75 to 0.9 GHz. Additionally, the dual-diode configuration shows a superior shielding effectiveness, whereas the single-diode configuration exhibits a good insertion loss.